Tagged: mast
D.R. 02-01: Israel-Hamas (III)
Volume 2, Issue 1
The Sense of the Congress:
A Special Report
UNRWA’s Palestinian curriculum a primary concern of the U.S. Congress
By Antarah Crawley | Last Modified 1/31/24 at 12:35 PM
WASHINGTON, DC — On 19 October 2023 and 8 November 2023 this outlet published articles on the United States House of Representatives’ (House) response to the Israel-Hamas War and particularly their deeply serious concern with the curriculum and textbooks used by the United Nations Relief Works Agency (UNRWA) to support their mission of educating students in the Palestinian Territory. UNRWA performs numerous civil society and traditionally-state-sponsored activities for the Palestinian population, and is responsible for the public education of civilian students.
On Tuesday, 30 January 2024, the House Foreign Affairs Committee Subcommittee on Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations and Subcommittee on Oversight and Accountability jointly convened a hearing entitled “UNRWA Exposed: Examining the Agency’s Mission and Failures,” largely in response to news that 12 UNRWA employees had been fired for their participation in the October 7, 2023 “Hamas terrorist attacks on Israel.” The gallery of the hearing room in House Visitors Center room 210 was filled to capacity.
The witnesses were:
- Richard Goldberg, Senior Advisor, Foundation for Defense of Democracies
- Marcus Sheff, Chief Executive Officer, IMPACT-se
- Hillel Neuer, Executive Director, UN Watch
- Mara Rudman, Schlesinger Professor, University of Virginia Miller Center
Mr. Mast (R) of Florida presided as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight, etc.; Mr. Smith (R) of New Jersey presided as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Global Health, etc.; Mr. Crawley (AM) of United Scribes and Court Reporters United reported on the proceeding on behalf of the House Clerk’s Office of Official Reporters.
Present in the audience were at least 15 constituents of the Code Pink: Women for Peace (CODEPINK) organization. They wore pink shirts bearing the phrase “Let Gaza Live,” and during much of the hearing they displayed red paint on their palms while making what could be interpreted as the Master Mason’s Grand Hailing Sign of Distress (and certainly many a besieged Palestinian would be wont to cry out, ‘O Lord my God/Ya’Rabbi Ya’Illah, is there no help for the widow’s son?’). Also present in the audience was a constituency of pro-Israel women wearing black shirts that read “Stand with Israel”. One of them in particular (the one to the far left of the below photo [the one staring directly at me]) was particularly antagonistic against CODEPINK, repeatedly summoning Capitol Police officers to arrest those who spoke out.
The Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight, Mr. Mast, remarked in his opening statement:
Wherever you see UNRWA facilities, including schools, in Gaza, you are almost guaranteed to find tunnels, rocket launchers and weapons storages. During Israel’s incursion into Gaza, Israel Defense Forces uncovered a variety of rifles and ammunition hidden under UNRWA institutions.
Brian Mast (R-FL)
Al Jazeera reported in a 20 November 2023 article entitled What Israel’s video of ‘Hamas tunnel’ under al-Shifa tells us; The structure of the tunnel raises questions about whether it is indeed a Hamas-built pathway:
Tunnels in Gaza were first built in 1980 at a time when the enclave was under Israeli occupation, and before the formation of Hamas in 1987. They were constructed under the Egyptian border for smuggling all sorts of goods, including weapons, fuel and black market goods.
Over time, Palestinians realised that tunnels could have a military use. The first sign of the military use of tunnels was in 2001 when an Israeli military post was blown up with an explosive from underground. The tunnels entered Israeli public consciousness when Palestinian fighters emerged from a tunnel shaft and kidnapped Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit in 2006.
Israel placed a blockade on the Gaza Strip after Hamas gained control of it in 2007. Tunnels became the means to bypass the siege and to transport food, goods and weapons. Under Hamas, the tunnels expanded strategically.
Al Jazeera
The Chairman continued, “We have seen footage and evidence of UNRWA teachers and staff praising and celebrating the October 7 attack on social media, referring to the attack as an unforgettable glorious morning and a splendid site. We read reports that at least 12 UNRWA employees directly participated in the attack.”
During these remarks, an audience member representing CODEPINK proclaimed, “It’s 75 years of occupation that has caused all of this and now it’s the starving starving people, 2 million people starving right now.” The CODEPINK member was led away by the Capitol Police while advising the officers, “Okay, don’t hurt my arm … I am 77 years old. I am an Army colonel; I am a retired diplomat and what the U.S. is doing — the Biden Administration is doing is [tantamount] to genocide. It’s a genocide that the Biden Administration is complicit in. The Biden Administration … is killing people just as the Israelis are. It’s our weapons, it’s our money … that’s doing this. And the money for UNRWA is very important to keep people from starving to death after trying to kill them all.” Numerous members of CODEPINK were arrested by Capitol Police officers for acts of civil disobedience and free speech.
On 26 January 2023, UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini reported from Amman, Jordan:
The Israeli Authorities have provided UNRWA with information about the alleged involvement of several UNRWA employees in the horrific attacks on Israel on 7 October.
To protect the Agency’s ability to deliver humanitarian assistance, I have taken the decision to immediately terminate the contracts of these staff members and launch an investigation in order to establish the truth without delay. Any UNRWA employee who was involved in acts of terror will be held accountable, including through criminal prosecution.
UNRWA reiterates its condemnation in the strongest possible terms of the abhorrent attacks of 7 October and calls for the immediate and unconditional release of all Israeli hostages and their safe return to their families.
These shocking allegations come as more than 2 million people in Gaza depend on lifesaving assistance that the Agency has been providing since the war began. Anyone who betrays the fundamental values of the United Nations also betrays those whom we serve in Gaza, across the region and elsewhere around the world.
Philippe Lazzarini, UNRWA Commissioner-General
On 26 January 2024, Al Jazeera reported:
The US Department of State said it was troubled by the allegations, which it said pertained to 12 UNRWA employees. It said it would provide no additional funding to the agency until the allegations were addressed.
The Department of State has temporarily paused additional funding for UNRWA while we review these allegations and the steps the United Nations is taking to address them,” spokesperson Matthew Miller said.
Al Jazeera
The Chairman continued his opening remarks, stating, “Make no mistake; the attacks on October 7 did not happen in a vacuum. The sickness on display from UNRWA is rooted in something deeper within its structure and mission. It’s rooted in the double standard the world applies for them, from their definition of refugee to the hatred they teach the Palestinian children –“
During these remarks, another audience member from CODEPINK rose to their feet to proclaim, “Please do not defund UNRWA. It was established in 1948 for the refugees of Palestine. If you unfund UNRWA, it’s a death sentence. They’re already starving. Please don’t defund UNRWA!…”
The Chairman of the Subcommittee on Global Health, etc., Mr. Smith, remarked in his opening statement:
Pubic pressure motivated by explosive new evidence that UNRWA employees were directly involved in the October 7 Hamas terrorist attack on Israel, the Biden Administration last Friday as we know announced that it was ‘temporarily paused’ additional funding for UNRWA while it reviews the evidence. With all due respect to the President this was a long overdue response. Going far beyond the revelations of last week, however, there has been a long list of massive and irrefutable evidence of UNRWA’s extensive complicity and cooperation in Hamas’s antisemitic genocidal hate campaign. Like the Nazi’s before them, Hamas and their chief terrorism sponsor, Iran, they are committing genocide against the Jews.
Chris Smith (R-NJ)
The Chairman continued:
…[T]hese children from the earliest days of their lives are trained in hate for Jews and for Americans. Now we’ve heard how UNRWA’s textbooks, curricula, summer camps and official media are all infamous incubators of hate. And we’ve seen the evidence of its teacher’s administration’s involvement in — with Hamas.
Chris Smith (R-NJ)
During these remarks a male audience member dressed in a military-style black jacket rose and proclaimed, “You have blood on your hands! Shame on you! This is a genocide! You are starving children and people to death. This is a genocide and you are responsible for it. Shame on you! … Ceasefire now! You are killing people; you are killing innocent people … We will never forgive you for this … Shame on all of you…”
The Chairman responded to the outburst:
They don’t make their case. As you can see, the hatred coming out of that particular man is so sad. UNWRA, the UN Relief Works Agency was set up as we know in 1949 to provide aid and relief to refugees. 75 years later it’s still going, which is absurd, in a way, since nearby Arab nations will not permit the former to integrate into their societies. UNRWA provided education in hatred of Jews for the vastly expanded number of children, grandchildren, and great grand-children of the original refugees. UNRWA’s textbooks — and I’ve had meeting after meeting on this, including hearings — where we’ve actually read through the text books, full to overflowing with antisemitic hatred.
Chris Smith (R-NJ)
Witness Mr. Goldberg remarked:
Now when you look at the incitement of violence that has gone on for decades, the internalization in generation after generation to rise up and believe that they are refugees waiting to come back to what is today Israel to drive the Jews into the sea, October 7th is the logical conclusion of UNRWA. It is of course what they have been training generations to do with the resources we have provided going to these terrorist organizations to help carry out that mission.
Richard Goldberg
Witness Mr. Sheff remarked, regarding the fired UNRWA employees:
These are not a few bad apples. Rather, the institutional barrel is rotten. How do we know? We know by researching UNRWA’s educational infrastructure. In it, textbooks teach that Jews are liars and fraudsters who spread corruption which will lead to their annihilation. Students are taught about cutting the necks of the enemy; that a fiery massacre of Jews on a bus is celebrated as a barbecue party; that Dalal Mughrabi, who murdered 38 people and 13 children, is a role model. UNRWA educated that dying is preferable to living; that becoming a martyr will be rewarded in heaven. First graders are taught the alphabet by learning the words for attack and martyr. And fourth graders are taught addition by counting martyrs. These are just a handful of examples of incitement which run like a thread, as strategy, throughout the Palestinian curriculum which is taught in UNRWA schools. And our research shows the same violent jihadi educational materials are created on a large institutional level by UNRWA staff. … IMPACT-se has warned for years about the consequences of this hate education, and I ask you, what can UNRWA possible offer the next generation of Palestinians? Poisonous textbooks taught too often by extremist teachers?
Marcus Sheff

Mr. Sheff later remarked:
Textbooks are uniquely authoritative, especially in the Manna region, in the Middle East, where you get one book, one grade, one subject; and they carry the values, the identities that leaders wish to pass down to the next generation, for good or for bad. This is how we create the societies of the future that we want to see, through these textbooks, through education. … We know that one of the first things that Hitler did when he came to power was change the textbooks.
Marcus Sheff
Mr. Goldman remarked, in response to a question my Mr. Moran (R) of Texas regarding any prior removals of UNRWA teachers, that he recalled “a case of a headmaster of an UNRWA school who was moonlighting as an Islamic jihad commander. He was removed by an Israeli air strike.” His remarks drew uproarious laughter from the pro-Israel audience members and representatives. Mr. Moran replied, “Well that’s one successful removal,” and went on to ask if there was “any part of the educational curriculum or programming that is overtly pro-American or pro-Israeli, that teaches the benefits for democracy?” (The present author has presented this question for rhetorical purposes.)
In one of his last remarks, Mr. Goldberg discussed the United Nations’ inherent systemic structural bias against Israel, which Mr. Hill (R) of Arkansas interpreted to mean that “the UN itself is the most antisemitic organization on the planet,” to which Mr. Goldberg replied “100% correct.”
It is notable that:
[I]n 1917, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour sent the Balfour Declaration to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, stating Britain’s support for the creation of a Jewish “national home” in Palestine […and] that negotiations on the future of the country were to happen directly between Britain and the Jews, excluding Arab representation. His famous announcement at the Paris peace conference would reflect this interpretation, stating that the goal “[t]o make Palestine as Jewish as England is English.” The years that followed would see Jewish-Palestinian relations deteriorate dramatically.
In 1918, the Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted in the British conquest of Palestine. In 1920, the territory was divided between Britain and France under the mandate system, and the British-administered area (including modern Israel) was named Mandatory Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (“The Defense” in Hebrew) […] In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain the Mandate for Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians.
[…]
Under the British Mandate placed by the League of Nations after World War I, Jewish immigration to the region [of Palestine] increased considerably leading to intercommunal conflict between Jews and the Arab majority. The UN-approved 1947 partition plan triggered a civil war between these groups which would see the expulsion or fleeing of most Palestinians from Mandatory Palestine. The British terminated the Mandate on 14 May 1948, and Israel declared independence on the same day.
Wikipedia: Israel (retrieved 30 January 2024)
On 15 May 1948, the armies of five neighboring Arab states invaded the area of the former Mandatory Palestine, starting the First Arab–Israeli War. An armistice in 1949 left Israel in control of more territory than the U.N. partition plan had called for; no new Arab state was created, as the rest of the former Mandate territory was divided between Egypt, which occupied the Gaza Strip, and Jordan, which annexed the West Bank. The 1967 Six-Day War ended with Israel occupying both the West Bank and Gaza alongside the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula and the Syrian Golan Heights. Israel has since effectively annexed both East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, and has established settlements across the occupied territories, actions which are deemed illegal under international law.
Mr. Issa (R) of California closed out the questioning by stating “that the record of UN is poor and that we must change the teachers of the next generation of Palestinians,” a statement to which no witness disagreed (with the possible exception of Professor Rudman who was the only witness to present a balanced viewpoint during the entire hearing).
These developments in the Congress’s assessment and treatment of educational curricula abroad presents serious concerns about the future of public school curricula in the United States. It highlights the increasingly important role of NOVUS SYLLABUS L.L.C. (N∴S∴), Universitas Autodidactus (U∴A∴), and United Scribes (U∴S∴) in administering a worldwide Political Education Bureau (Politburo) and publishing curricula for the development of self-knowledge, self-mastery, and self-determination. In the words of the Moorish Science Temple of America and 5% Nation of Gods and Earths, ISLAM means “I Self Law Am Master“.
Resources
© MMXXIV BY NOVUS SYLLABUS L.L.C.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.
D.R. 01-08: Israel-Hamas…
Volume 1, Issue 8
The Sense of the Congress:
A Special Report
Israel-Hamas proxy for U.S.-Iran dialectic: tensions rise between Allied and Axis powers as the beast slouches toward Bethlehem to be born
By Antarah Crawley
WASHINGTON, DC — Today, October 19, 2023, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States (U.S.) House of Representatives (House) convened a Markup (M/U) of several bills and resolutions in House Visitors Center Room 210. Those bills and resolutions included:
- H.Res. 559, Declaring it is the policy of the United States that a nuclear Islamic Republic of Iran is not acceptable;
- H.R. 340, To impose sanctions with respect to foreign support for terrorist organizations, including Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad;
- H.R. 3266, To require the Secretary of State to submit annual reports reviewing the curriculum used by the Palestinian Authority, and for other purposes;
- H.R. 3774, To impose additional sanctions with respect to the importation or facilitation of the importation of petroleum products from Iran, and for other purposes;
- H.R. 5826, To require a report on sanctions under the Robert Levinson Hostage Recovery and Hostage-Taking Accountability Act, and for other purposes;
- H.R. 2973, To require the Secretary of Defense to develop, in cooperation with allies and partners in the Middle East, an integrated maritime domain awareness and interdiction capability, and for other purposes;
- H.Res. 599, Urging the European Union to designate Hizballah [Hezbollah] in its entirety as a terrorist organization;
- H.R. 1809, To require the development of strategies and options to prevent the export to Iran of certain technologies related to unmanned aircraft systems, and for other purposes.
Committee Chairman McCaul (R-TX) presided. Mr. Crawley reported on the proceedings through the House Clerk’s Office of Official Reporters.
The Markup comes on 12 days after news that “thousands of armed Hamas fighters breached a border security fence and indiscriminately gunning down Israeli civilians and soldiers taken off guard” (ABC News). The Associated Press (AP) reported on 7 October 2023, “Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation.” As of today, Israel has been given the green light to move into Gaza, marshaling into all out war in the Holy Land and escalating Jihad.
Regarding H.Res. 559, the Chairman remarked that he spoke last week with the Israeli Ambassador who told him about “the horrible war crimes that Hamas committed.” He said that “dozens of babies were murdered, many were found decapitated and burned, Holocaust survivors were kidnapped, and 250 people at a music festival were slaughtered. These ISIS-like atrocities will haunt the world forever.” The Chairman held a moment of silence for “the victims of this massacre, in honor of the lives that they lived.”
The Chairman said that as Israel responds in “self-defense,” the United States stands strongly with its “friend and ally” as it protects itself from “Iran-backed terrorism.” Iran’s nuclear posture is a growing cause of concern to U.S. Representatives. On 4 September 2023, Stephanie Liechtenstein of AP reported, “UN nuclear watchdog report seen by AP says Iran slows its enrichment of near-weapons-grade uranium,” but Ranking Member Meeks remarked today that since President Trump’s hasty withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPoA) which capped Iran’s nuclear enrichment program at 3.67% (among other restrictions), “Iran’s nuclear program has now surged to extraordinarily dangerous levels. In August, the IAEA [International Atomic Energy Agency] reported that Iran’s stockpile of 60% enriched uranium has grown since its May report. Iran now possesses more than 15 times the amount of enriched uranium allowed under JCPoA.” “We are living in, and this is, a very dangerous moment in dealing with Iran’s nuclear program,” the Ranking Member said.
Across the pond, A United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) spokesperson said: “18 October 2023 [yesterday] marks ‘Transition Day’ under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPoA), when certain restrictions on Iran’s nuclear and missile programmes are due to lift, including: 84 UN and 112 UK designations on individuals and entities involved in nuclear or ballistic missile activities; and sectoral measures including arms and missile embargoes on Iran.” President Biden has since imposed new sanctions aimed at Iran’s ballistic missile and drone programs, acting to keep up pressure on Tehran after the expiration of United Nations restrictions on those activities (New York Times).
Mr. Wilson (R-SC) stated that the 18 August 1988 “Hamas Covenant” of the Islamic Resistance Movement contains the provision that “the Day of Judgment will not come about until Moslems fight Jews and kill them. Then the Jews will hide behind the rocks and trees. And the rocks and trees will cry out, ‘O Moslem, there is a Jew hiding behind me. Come and kill him.'” The Representative remarked that “we need to take that seriously.” Mr. Crow of Colorado stated that he finds the language “all means necessary,” with regard to the U.S. suppression of “Iran-backed terrorism,” problematic, and he does not believe that the U.S. should have nuclear force on the table in this debate. He emphasized that the measure did not constitute an Authorized Use of Military Force (AUMF).
The Council on Foreign Relations writes:
Signed in 2015 by Iran and several world powers, including the United States, the JCPOA placed significant restrictions on Iran’s nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief. President Trump withdrew the United States from the deal in 2018, claiming it failed to curtail Iran’s missile program and regional influence. Iran began ignoring limitations on its nuclear program a year later. Washington and Tehran have both said they would return to the original deal but they disagree on the steps to get there.
Kali Robinson, 21 June 2023
Regarding H.R. 2973, Mrs. Wagner of Missouri remarked that “Israel is locked in a generational fight for survival against genocidal Hamas terrorists. The United States stands with Israel as it grieves the unthinkable loss of more than 1400 innocent civilians and it stands with Israel in its fight to eliminate the brutal terrorist group Hamas, period, full stop. … As we saw on October 7, when Hamas launched the deadliest assault on the Jewish people since the Holocaust, Israel is facing a complex range of threats across all domains. On the bloody front and that tragic day, Hamas terrorists infiltrated Israeli communities by air by land and by sea to unleash bloodshed against civilians on a scale that Israel has not seen in its history.”
Mr. Wilson remarked that “Taking hostage is a murderous tactic in a war between dictators’ rule of gun opposing democracy’s rule of law. The Axis of Evil – Putin [President of Russia], Rezaee [Major General (Ret.), Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and former Vice President of Iran], and Xi [President, People’s Republic of China]– must be stopped by peace through strength. Sadly, the September 11th announcement – of all days – of the release of $6 billion to the terrorist regime in Tehran in exchange for five Americans detained confirms this tactic works.”
Regarding H.R. 3266, Mr. Mast (R-FL) and Ranking Member Meeks (D-NY) engaged in a spirited dialectic on popular and national ideologies. Mr. Mast remarked that “there needs to be [a coming to Jesus moment] among many of our colleagues that Hamas is literally Palestinians. Young people, from the time of grade school in the Gaza strip, are given the pedigree to become Hamas, trained to become Hamas, from their algebra and arithmetic to their reading, writing, and geography. The gentleman read some examples from a document he had in his hands which was never moved into the record:
Palestinian 6th graders grammar exercise requires them to add the correct verb to the sentences: the jihad warriors fought in defense of their homeland and the believers rushed to respond to the call to jihad.
Another example, 4th grade Palestinian math problem: the number of martyrs in the First Intifada is 2,026 martyrs and the number of martyrs in the al-Aqsa Intifada if 5,050. The number of martyrs in the two intifadas is how many martyrs?
7th grade physics problem: Newton’s second law; during the First Palestinian uprising, Palestinian youths used slingshots to confront the soldiers of the Zionist occupation and defend themselves from their treacherous bullets. What is the relationship between the elongation of slingshots’ rubber and the tensile strength affecting it?
Geography question, Palestinian 6th graders: to define the borders of Palestine, which completely erases Israel’s existence.
Mr. Mast (R-FL), quoting unknown Palestinian source
Mr. Mast concluded, “People need to move away from this idea of saying that the Palestinians are not Hamas and Hamas is not the Palestinians.”
In response to the gentleman’s remarks, Ranking Member Meeks asked, “Mr. Mast, are you Ku Klux Klan?”
Mr. Mast replied, “No.”
“Because,” the Ranking Member continued, “it was Ku Klux Klan that raised white people to hate black people. And the Ku Klux Klan, today, they’re still here. I get remarks, I get phone calls in my office from people calling me […] and teaching other kids that I’m less than a human being. I don’t say all white people are Ku Klux Klan. I don’t put them all in one category. All Palestinians don’t belong to Hamas just like all white people don’t belong to the Ku Klux Klan.” A heated dialogue ensued, in which the Ranking Member protested engaging in further debate on the matter.
“Let’s have this conversation,” said Mr. Mast.
“I’m not having this conversation with you; you’re not worthy of having a conversation with on this,” said Ranking Member Meeks.
“I would argue differently,” said Mr. Mast.
Order was restored by Acting Chair Kim of California (R-CA), and Ranking Member Meeks reclaimed his time.
The Acting Chair then recognized Mr. Mast, who remarked that he believes he is worthy to speak, and stated further that he is half-white and half-Mexican and is not a member of “that hate organization which I would absolutely despise,” presumably referring to the Ku Klux Klan. “But,” he continued, “let’s recall, they’re not our government.”
The Ranking Member responded that “many of them [Ku Klux Klan members] were elected, they were Senators, they were members of the House, they were judges, so they were part of the government.”
Regarding H.R. 1809, Mr. Keating remarked, “12 days ago the world witnessed the horror unleashed by Hamas against the state and the people of Israel, almost 50 years to the day after Yom Kippur War.”
The House Foreign Affairs Committee, having postponed further proceedings on several measures (it being the sense of the Minority that the Majority is biased to roll call over voice votes in committee), reconvened after a recess to vote via roll call using the new electronic voting system for the first time of any House committee. The Chairman and the Ranking Member agreed that this process saves at lot of time. Provided continued success, the electronic voting system will be used by the chamber to vote for the Speaker of the House, the Chairman said.
Sources
Crowley, Michael. U.S. Issues New Sanctions Targeting Iran’s Missile and Drone Programs. New York Times. 18 Oct 2023.
Hutchinson, Bill. Israel-Hamas conflict: Timeline and key developments. ABC News, 19 October 2023.
Liechtenstein, Stephanie. UN nuclear watchdog report seen by AP says Iran slows its enrichment of near-weapons-grade uranium. Associated Press. 4 September 2023.
Robinson, Kali. What Is the Iran Nuclear Deal? Council on Foreign Relations. 21 June 2023.
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