Tagged: dialectics
D.R. 01-14: The Fed &c.
Volume 1, Issue 14
Special Edition on Political Economy
Contents — Art. 1. …On the Fed — Art 2. Charter F.A. — Art. 3. …Consol DAO — Art. 4. Notes from the DAO — Art. 5. …X — Art. 6. Culture…
Article 1
Notes on the System:
On the “Federal Reserve”
Comp. Ed. by Antarah Crawley | Last Modified 11/28/2023 at 9:40 PM
The Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, provides the nation with a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system.
Banner of the Official Website of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as of 27 Nov. 2023
The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.
Book of Isaiah, Chapter 9, Verse 2
Introductory Editorial Note: It is economic, social, and political suicide to question the legitimacy or constitutionality of the System (just ask Ezra Pound, Mr. Mullins, and Chairman McFadden). Notwithstanding that unfortunate circumstance, we must educate the public as to its mechanisms.
Preamble
[…] the Federal Reserve System is not Federal; it has no reserves, and is not a system at all, but rather, a criminal syndicate. From November, 1910, when the conspirators [U.S. Senator Nelson Aldrich of the National Monetary Commission, his secretary Arthur Shelton, U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury A. Piatt Andrew, Senior Partner Henry Davison of J.P. Morgan Co., President Frank Vanderlip of the National City Bank of New York, President Charles D. Norton of the First National Bank of New York, Benjamin Strong of J.P. Morgan, and Paul Warburg of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.] met on Jekyll Island, Georgia, to the present time machinations of the Federal Reserve bankers have been shrouded in secrecy. Today [1991], that secrecy has cost the American people a three trillion [now 33 trillion] dollar debt, with annual interest payments to these bankers amounting to some three hundred billion dollars per year, sums which stagger the imagination, and which in themselves are ultimately unpayable.
[…] American history in the twentieth century has recorded the amazing achievements of the Federal Reserve bankers. First, the outbreak of World War I, which was made possible by the funds available from the new central bank of the United States. Second, the Agricultural Depression of 1920. Third, the Black Friday Crash on Wall Street of October, 1929, and the ensuing Great Depression. Fourth, World War II. Fifth, the conversion of the assets of the United States and its citizens from real property to paper assets from 1945 to the present, transforming a victorious America and foremost world power in 1945 to the world’s largest debtor nation in 1990. […] Will Americans act to rebuild our nation […] or will we continue to be enslaved by the Babylonian debt money system which was set up by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 to complete our total destruction? This is the only question which we have to answer, and we do not have much time left to answer it.
Eustace Mullins, Jackson Hole, Wyoming, 1991; Forward to “Secrets of the Federal Reserve,” Author’s Special 70th Birthday Edition: Bankers Research Institute: Staunton, Virginia: 1993. (Emphasis mine.)
Primary Sources
Some people think the Federal Reserve banks are United States Government institutions. They are not government institutions. They are private credit monopolies which prey upon the people of the United States for the benefit of themselves and their foreign customers. The Federal Reserve banks are the agents of the foreign central banks. Henry Ford has said, ‘The one aim of these financiers is world control by the creation of inextinguishable debts.’ The truth is the Federal Reserve Board has usurped the Government of the United States by the arrogant credit monopoly which operates the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Banks.
Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the U.S. House Banking and Currency Committee, June 10, 1932. (Mullins 153-154.)
Whereas I charge them, jointly and severally, with the crime of having treasonably conspired and acted against the peace and security of the United States and having treasonable conspired to destroy the constitutional government in the United States. Resolved, that the Committee on the Judiciary is authorized and directed as a whole or by subcommittee to investigate the official conduct of the Federal Reserve Board and agents to determine whether, in the opinion of the said committee, they have been guilty of any high crime or misdemeanour which in the contemplation of the Constitutions requires the interposition of the Constitutional powers of the House.
Chairman McFadden, January 13, 1932, introducing a resolution indicting the Federal Reserve Board of Governors for “Criminal Conspiracy,” on which no action was taken. This, and the Chairman’s December 13, 1932, motion to impeach President Herbert Hoover was the last nail driven into his political coffin. (Mullins 154.)
I wrote into the bill which was introduced by me in the Senate on June 26, 1913, a provision that the powers of the System should be employed to produce a stable price level, which meant a dollar of stable purchasing, debt-paying power. It was stricken out. The powerful money interests got control of the Federal Reserve Board through Mr. Paul Warburg, Mr. Albert Strauss, and Mr. Adolph C. Miller and they were able to have that secret meeting of May 18, 1920, and bring about a contraction of credit so violent it threw five million people out of employment. In 1920 that Reserve Board deliberately caused the Panic of 1921. The same people, unrestrained in the stock market, expanding credit to a great excess between 1926 and 1929, raised the price of stocks to a fantastic point where they could not possibly earn dividends, and when the people realized this, they tried to get out, resulting in the Crash of October 24, 1929.
U.S. Senator Robert L. Owen, testifying before the U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency, 1938. (Mullins 157.)
The Federal Reserve Bank is an institution owned by the stockholding member banks. The Government has not a dollar’s worth of stock in it.
W.P.G. Harding, Governor of the Federal Reserve Board, testifying in 1921. (Mullins 157.)
The people did not know the Federal Reserve Banks were organized for profit-making. They were intended to stabilize the credit and currency supply of the country. That end has not been accomplished. Indeed, there has been remarkable variation in the purchasing power of money since the System went into effect. The Federal Reserve men are chosen by the big banks, through discrete little campaigns, and they naturally follow the ideals which are portrayed to them as the soundest from a financial point of view.
U.S. Senator Robert L. Owen, testifying during the Gold Reserve Hearings of 1934. (Mullins 161.)
At the moment, 1934, we have 900 million dollars excess reserves. In 1924, with increased reserves of 300 million, you got some three or four billion in bank expansion of credit very quickly. That extra money was put out by the Federal Reserve Banks in 1924 through buying government securities and was the cause of the rapid expansion of bank credit. The banks continued to get excess reserved because more gold came in, and because, whenever there was a slackening, the Federal Reserve people would put out some more. They held back a bit in 1926. Things firmed up a bit that year. And then in 1927 they put out less than 300 million additional reserves, set the wild stock market going, and that led us right into the smash of 1929.
[…] The money of the Federal Reserve Banks is money they created. When they buy Government securities they create reserves. They pay for the government securities by giving checks on themselves, and those checks come to the commercial banks and are by them deposited in the Federal Reserve Banks, and then money exists which did not exist before.
Benjamin Anderson, economist for the Chase National Bank of New York, testifying during the Gold Reserve Hearings of 1934. (Mullins 161.)
The Board of Governors opposes any bill which proposes a stable price level, on the grounds that prices do not depend primarily on the price or cost of money; that the Board’s control over money cannot be made complete; and that steady average prices, even if obtainable by official action, would not insure lasting prosperity
Marriner S. Eccles, Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (1934–48), in “Memorandum on Proposals to maintain prices at fixed levels,” Monday, March 13, 1939. (Mullins 163.)
The Government controls the gold reserve, that is, the power to issue money and credit, thus largely regulating the price structure.
[…] The Federal Reserve Board has the power of open market operations. Open-market operations are the most important single instrument of control over the volume and cost of credit in this country. When I say “credit” in this connection, I mean money, because by far the largest part of money in use by the people of this country is in the form of bank credit or bank deposits. When the Federal Reserve Banks buy bills or securities in the open market, they increase the volume of the people’s money and lower its cost; and when they sell in the open market they decrease the volume of money and increase its cost. Authority over these operations, which affect the welfare of the whole people, must be invested in a body representing the national interest.
Chairman Eccles, testifying before the U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency, 1935. (Mullins 163-164.)
The cash [of a Federal Reserve Bank], in truth, does not exist and has never existed. What we call ‘cash reserves’ are simply bookkeeping credits entered upon ledgers of the Federal Reserve Banks. The credits are created by the Federal Reserve Banks and then passed along though the banking system.
Congressman Wright Patman, “The Primer of Money,” p. 38. (Mullins 164.)
The trick in the Federal Reserve notes is that the Federal reserve banks lose no cash when they pay out this currency to the member banks. Federal Reserve notes are not redeemable in anything except what the Government calls ‘legal tender’—that is, money that a creditor must be willing to accept from a debtor in payment of sums owed him. But since they are really redeemable only in themselves … they are and irredeemable obligation issued by the Federal Reserve Banks.
Peter L. Bernstein, “A Primer On Money, Banking and Gold,” Vintage Books, New York, 1965, p. 104. (Mullins 165).
The dollar represents a one dollar debt to the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Banks create money out of thin air to buy Government bonds from the United States Treasury, lending money into circulation at interest, by bookkeeping entries of checkbook credit to the United States Treasury. The Treasury writes up an interest bearing bond for one billion dollars. The Federal Reserve gives the Treasury a one billion dollar credit for the bond, and has created out of nothing a one billion dollar debt which the American people are obligated to repay with interest.
[…] Where does the Federal Reserve system get the money with which to create Bank Reserves? Answer. It doesn’t get the money, it creates it. When the Federal Reserve writes a check, it is creating money. The Federal Reserve is a total moneymaking machine. It can issue money or checks.
Congressman Patman, “Money Facts,” House Banking and Currency Committee, 1964, p. 9. (Mullins 165.)
There is still another and more important element of public interest in the operation of banks beside the safekeeping of money. One of the most important factors to remember in this connection is that the supply of money affects the general level of prices—the cost of living. The Cost of Living Index and money supply are parallel.
“A Day’s Work at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York” (pamphlet), 1951, p. 22. (Mullins 165.)
If I deposited $100 with my bank and the reserve requirements imposed by the Federal Reserve Bank are 20% then the bank can make a loan to John Doe of up to $80. Where does the $80 come from? Is does not come out of my deposit of $100; on the contrary, the bank simply credits John Doe’s account with $80. The bank can acquire Government obligations by the same procedure, by simply creating deposits to the credit of the government. Money creating is a power of the commercial banks … Since 1917 the Federal Reserve has given private banks forty-six billion dollars of reserves.
Congressman Patman, Congressional Record, March 21, 1960. (Mullins 167.)
ECCLES: The banking system as a whole creates and extinguishes the deposits as they make loans and investments, whether they buy Government Bonds or whether they buy utility bonds or whether they make Farmers’ loans.
MR. PATMAN: I am thoroughly in accord with what you say, Governor, but the fact remains that they created the money, did they not?
ECCLES: Well, the banks create money when they make loan and investments.
Before the U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency, June 24, 1941. (Mullins 167.)
MR. PATMAN: How did you get the money to buy those two billion dollars worth of Government securities in 1933?
ECCLES: We created it.
MR. PATMAN: Out of what?
ECCLES: Out of the right to issue credit money.
MR. PATMAN: And there is nothing behind it, is there, except out Government’s credit?
ECCLES: That is what our monetary system is. If there were no debts in our money system, there wouldn’t be any money.
Before the U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency, September 30, 1941. (Mullins 167.)
ECCLES: I mean the Federal Reserve, when it carries out an open market operation, that is, if it purchases Government securities in the open market, it puts new money into the hands of the banks which creates idle deposits.
MR. DEWEY: There are no excess reserves to use for this purpose?
[ECCLES]: Whenever the Federal Reserve System buys Government securities in the open market, or buys the direct from the Treasury, either one, that is what it does.
MR. DEWEY: What are you going to use to buy them with? You are going to create credit?
ECCLES: That is all we have ever done. That is the way the Federal Reserve System creates money. It is a bank of issue.
Before the U.S. House Committee on Banking and Currency, June 17, 1942. (Mullins 167-168.)
MR. KOLBURN: What do you mean by monetization of the public debt?
ECCLES: I mean the bank creating money by the purchase of Government securities. All money is created by debt—either private or public debt.
MR. FLETCHER: Chairman Eccles, when do you think there is a possibility of returning to a free an open market, instead of this pegged and artificially controlled financial market we now have?
ECCLES: Never. Not in your lifetime or mine.
Hearing before the U.S. House, 1947. (Mullins 168.) (Emphasis added.)
Congress may not abdicate or transfer to others its legitimate functions. Congress cannot Constitutionally delegate its legislative authority to trade or industrial associations or groups so as to empower them to make laws.
U.S. Supreme Court opinion, Schechter Poultry v. United States of America, 29 U.S. 495, 55 US 837.842 (1935), ruling the National Recovery Act (NRA) unconstitutional. (Mullins 168.)
The Congress shall have Power to borrow money on the credit of the United States … and to coin Money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures.”
Article 1, Sec. 8 of the Constitution of the United States of America. (Mullins 168.)
The money that began to appear in circulation a week ago, December 21, 1942, was really printing press money in the fullest sense of the term, that is, money which has no collateral of any kind behind it. The Federal Reserve statement that ‘The Board of Governors, after consultation with the Treasury Department, has authorized Federal Reserve Banks to utilize at this time the existing stocks of currency printed in the early thirties, known as ‘Federal Reserve Banknotes‘. We repeat, these notes have absolutely no collateral of any kind behind them.
Henry Hazlitt, Newsweek Magazine, January 4, 1943. (Mullins 169.)
GOVERNOR ECCLES: The currency in circulation was increased from seven billion dollars in four years to twenty-one and a half billion. We are losing some considerable amounts of gold during the war period. As our exports have gone out, largely on a lend-lease basis, we have taken imports on which we have given dollar balances. These countries are now drawing off these dollar balances in the form of gold.
MR. SMITH: Governor Eccles, what is the objective that the foreign governments are after in this projected program whereby we would contribute gold to an international fund? [Referring to the Stabilization Fund, known after 27 December 1945 as the International Monetary Fund (IMF)].
GOVERNOR ECCLES: I would like to discuss OPA [Office of Price Administration], and leave the stabilization fund for a time when I am prepared to go into it.
Senate Hearings on the Office of Price Administration (OPA), 1944. (Mullins 169.)
Modern Implications
Fractional-reserve banking predates the existence of governmental monetary authorities and originated with bankers’ realization that generally not all depositors demand payment at the same time. In the past, savers looking to keep their coins and valuables in safekeeping depositories deposited gold and silver at goldsmiths, receiving in exchange a note for their deposit (see Bank of Amsterdam). These notes gained acceptance as a medium of exchange for commercial transactions and thus became an early form of circulating paper money.[1] As the notes were used directly in trade, the goldsmiths observed that people would not usually redeem all their notes at the same time, and they saw the opportunity to invest their coin reserves in interest-bearing loans and bills. This generated income for the goldsmiths but left them with more notes on issue than reserves with which to pay them. A process was started that altered the role of the goldsmiths from passive guardians of bullion, charging fees for safe storage, to interest-paying and interest-earning banks. Thus fractional-reserve banking was born.[2]
If creditors (note holders of gold originally deposited) lost faith in the ability of a bank to pay their notes, however, many would try to redeem their notes at the same time. If, in response, a bank could not raise enough funds by calling in loans or selling bills, the bank would either go into insolvency or default on its notes. Such a situation is called a bank run and caused the demise of many early banks.[1]
These early financial crises led to the creation of central banks. The Swedish Riksbank was the world’s first central bank, created in 1668. Many nations followed suit in the late 1600s to establish central banks which were given the legal power to set a reserve requirement, and to specify the form in which such assets (called the monetary base) were required to be held.[3] In order to mitigate the impact of bank failures and financial crises, central banks were also granted the authority to centralize banks’ storage of precious metal reserves, thereby facilitating transfer of gold in the event of bank runs, to regulate commercial banks, and to act as lender-of-last-resort if any bank faced a bank run. The emergence of central banks reduced the risk of bank runs which is inherent in fractional-reserve banking, and it allowed the practice to continue as it does today.[4] where it is the system of banking prevailing in almost all countries worldwide.[5][6]
During the twentieth century, the role of the central bank grew to include influencing or managing various macroeconomic policy variables, including measures of inflation, unemployment, and the international balance of payments. In the course of enacting such policy, central banks have from time to time attempted to manage interest rates, reserve requirements, and various measures of the money supply and monetary base.[7]
History of Fractional-Reserve Banking (Wiki)
As announced on March 15, 2020, the Board reduced reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective March 26, 2020. This action eliminated reserve requirements for all depository institutions.
Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, “Reserve Requirements,” From, Policy Tools. federalreserve.gov. (Emphasis added.)
The Federal Reserve Board on Monday announced technical details related to reserve requirements for depository institutions, which will remain zero. The annual adjustment and publication of the reserve requirement exemption amount and low reserve tranche is required by law and does not indicate a change in depository institutions’ reserve requirements.
Board of Governors of Federal Reserve System, “Federal Reserve Board announces annual indexing of reserve requirement exemption amount and low reserve tranche for 2024,” November 27, 2023. federalreserve.gov.
Concluding Editorial Note: The Fed’s inception at Jekyll Island circa November 22, 1910, the signing of the Federal Reserve Act on December 23, 1913, and its subsequent clandestine operations follow exactly the plot and themes of The Curious Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson (1886) and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum (1900).
Article 2
Charter of Free Association
By Antarah Crawley | Last Modified 11/28/2023 at 9:25 PM
NACOTCHTANK, OD — The Governor of the Society of the New Syllabus (N∴S∴) at Nacotchtank-on-Potomac (Anacostia) District of Ouachita (Washington, District of Columbia), Furthest West (al-Maghreb al-Aqsa) To All To Whom These Presents Come, Sends Greeting and Peace:—
Know ye by these presents that this decentralized, autonomous and freely associated Political Bureau of Education (Politburo), to wit, NOVUS SYLLABUS L.L.C. (N∴S∴), is the founding member of the brain trust of the international association of working people (“workers”), free thinkers, truth speakers and light workers united in a firm league of friendship in the nature of a decentralized autonomous organization (5th IWA—FTLU—FLF—DAO), from the 1st Ecclesiastic College at Nacotchtank, Ouachita District (153d CORPS).
TWAP PARTY PLANK NO. 5: The producer of goods shall be the owner of such goods less the interest per cent held by capital investors in the production of such goods.
Charter of Free Association (F.A.)
of
בית מדרש
B’T MDRS
(“(al) Beth/Bayt (ha) Midrash/Madrasa”),
being the
Office of Preceptor of the Student Body,
House of Studies, F.A., Political Bureau of Education,
153d CORPS, FLF-DAO;
Also known in the African tradition as Hogon of the Sanctuarie de Binou;
Also known generally as the Preceptory at Nacotchtank in the trust of the Governor and Company of NOVUS SYLLABUS L.L.C. (N∴S∴)
Nota Bene that faith and belief are not a source of revenue, but trust may be a such a source provided it is not usurious as to the change of venue; NS to receive quarterly dividends from/interest pmnts x% of principal trust res for routine (“regular”) educational and administrative services rendered to DAO student body (“the public”); therefore trust res held for benefit of members of any student body of the decentralized autonomous organization of the working people associated and free thinkers, truth speakers, and light workers united in the nature of a firm league of friendship (5th Int’l Ass’n, WFTLU, FLF-DAO); and Trustee N∴S∴ obligated to perform “regular” services; LLC to vest membership interest in trust to receive dividends/returns on N∴S∴ commercial operations such as BLK MKT (“the Press”) and Production Dept. of Audiovisual Media (“the Media”); ergo symbiotic economic relationship.
Model A: In exchange for up to 49% interest in itself, N∴S∴ to receive trust dividends/disbursements of 12% annually.
Model B: N∴S∴ to sell 33% private equity in itself to Rothschild & Co., London, for $33 million in equal parts gold and silver bullion, English government bonds, United States Treasuries, United States dollars (USD), and Classical, Italianate or Moorish-style real estate; then vest these proceeds according to Model A.
Although a Labor government nationalized the Bank of England in 1946, The Great Soviet Encylopaedia points out (vol. 1, p. 490c) that the Bank of England continues to pay 12% dividends per annum, just as it had done prior to the nationalization. The “Governor” is appointed by the government, in a situation similar to that in the United States, where the Governors of the Federal Reserve System are appointed by the President. However, as is pointed out in the Encylopaedia Americana v. 13, p. 272, ‘In practice, the governors of the Bank of England have not hesitated to criticize and bring pressure on the government in public.’
Mullins, Appendix I of “Secrets of the Federal Reserve,” p. 181.
Concluding Note: Per the sunnah (way, tradition, praxis) of Kogard, it is most prudent for our Honorable Society, not to engage in labyrinths of credit and debt but, to arrive at the very source of all money.
Article 3
Free Trade Monetary Policy:
Toward a Consolidated DAO Council on High Finance
By Antarah Crawley
NACOTCHTANK, OD — Toward an Act to establish a Consolidated DAO Council on High Finance (the “Consol”):—
ADVERTISEMENT: DAO INTERNATIONAL COMMAND—SEEKING PARTNER(S) TO CAPITALIZE TRUST IN WHICH TO VEST UP TO 49% INTERESTS IN DIVERSIFIED F.A. INVESTMENTS AND HOLDINGS; SUCH PARTNER TO BE ADMITTED TO BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND DAO INTERCOM BY SIMPLIFIED RITE OF FRIENDSHIP.
DAO BANK BONDS NOTES & BILLS
A trade acceptance instrument, negotiable, having a face value, expiry/maturity date, and discount value backed by the DAO brain trust, representing a promise to pay or otherwise discharge an obligation between freely associated (F.A.) producers and providers of goods and services.
This is preferable to the present system of the national credit monopoly buying government bonds on which the American people owe the principal and interest for NO MONEY DOWN. It is an open book for which the People are liable on the ledger of a private trust.
Open book accounts only name a debtor on an outstanding account payable. The Fed amalgamated all the credits on the open books of American businessmen by urging the exchange of trade acceptances and “creating money on the basis of debt” (Eccles).
Bill of Exchange, a negotiable instrument:
Seller => Draft–Demand4Pmnt => Buyer
Buyer => Acceptance=Promise2Pay=> Seller
Time of expiration = date of maturity
May endorse to bank at discount rate
Trade Acceptances
Explanation (from, CitiBank) [The “accepting” company is replaced with X]:
- A draft, also known as a “bill of exchange”, is a traditional, long-standing trade instrument which has been used across the globe for hundreds of years; it is recognized by trading partners and financial institutions as a means of payment.
- When a draft is drawn on a Buyer/Drawee it’s considered a Demand for Payment. When “Accepted” by the Buyer/Drawee it becomes a Trade Acceptance. The Acceptance adds X’s irrevocable payment promise to its Supplier/Drawer; to pay the accepted draft amount upon maturity.
- Most countries have common laws governing Trade Acceptance (typically covered by negotiable instrument law).
- The discount rate charged to suppliers is commensurate with the X’s credit rating, which is most often lower than the interest rate associated with the Supplier’s other forms of financing (Note: Pricing is provided on the needed cover letter. See the “Process Flow” tab ).
- Trade acceptances are globally recognized, readily marketable, and easily transferable by simple endorsement.
- Highly leveraged and/or smaller suppliers categorically benefit from low cost finance
Application & Benefits:
- Once the Buyer has placed its acceptance upon the draft, the supplier may request:
- To sell the X Accepted Draft, at a discount, to Citibank, N.A., or
- Citibank, N.A. to hold it, until its maturity.
- X’s suppliers do not have to become clients of Citibank, N.A. nor sign any upfront legal agreements for either a. or b. above. When suppliers want to request Citibank, N.A. to purchase the X Trade Acceptance, they merely endorse the draft to Citibank, N.A. and complete the warranty statements located in Section 9 of the required Document Transmittal Form / Cover Letter which is required with each presentation.
- The Supplier gets short term funding without recourse, at attractive rates (based on the X’s credit rating), and without using their own credit lines.
Exchange, in the international financial world, means the transactions in money or securities, or simply, the “exchange” of the values of these securities. It is necessary that this “exchange” take place where the values can be established, and this place is the ‘City‘ in London.
London was established as the primary center of exchange because of the ‘Consols’ of the Bank of England, bonds which could never be redeemed, but which paid a stable rate of return. Henry Clews writes, in The Wall Street View, Silver Burdett Co., 1900, p. 255, ‘The Consolidated Act of 1757 consolidated the debts of the Bank of England at 3%, which were kept in an account at the Bank of England as is the great bulwark of its deposits.’ By ostentatiously ‘dumping’ ‘Consols’ on the London Exchange after the Battle of Waterloo, in a pretended panic, Nathan Meyer Rothschild then secretly bought up the Consols sold in the panic by other holders at a low rate, and became the largest holder of Consols, and thus won control of the Bank of England in 1815.
Mullins, Appendix I of “Secrets of the Federal Reserve,” p. 181.
Article 4
Notes from the DAO
Comp. Ed. by Antarah Crawley
Our present society is founded on the exploitation of the propertyless classes by the propertied. This exploitation is such that the propertied (capitalists) buy the working force body and soul of the propertyless, for the price of the mere costs of existence (wages), and take for themselves, i.e., steal, the amount of new values (products) which exceeds this price, whereby wages are made to represent the necessities instead of the earnings of the wage-laborer.
As the non-possessing classes are forced by their poverty to offer for sale to the propertied their working forces, and as our present production on a grand scale enforces technical development with immense rapidity, so that by the application of an always decreasing number of human working forces, an always increasing amount of products is created; so does the supply of working forces increase constantly, while the demand therefor decreases. This is the reason why the workers compete more and more intensely in selling themselves, causing their wages to sink, or at least on the average, never raising them above the margin necessary for keeping intact their working ability.
Whilst by this process the propertyless are entirely debarred from entering the ranks of the propertied, even by the most strenuous exertions, the propertied, by means of the ever-increasing plundering of the working class, are becoming richer day by day, without in any way being themselves productive.
If now and then one of the propertyless class become rich, it is not by their own labor, but from opportunities which they have to speculate upon, and absorb the labor-product of others.
[…]
What we would achieve is, therefore, plainly and simply,—
First, Destruction of the existing class rule, by all means, i.e., by energetic, relentless, revolutionary, and international action.
Second, Establishment of a free society based upon co-operative organization of production.
Third, Free exchange of equivalent products by and between the productive organizations without commerce and profit-mongery.
Fourth, Organization of education on a secular, scientific, and equal basis for both sexes.
Fifth, Equal rights for all without distinction to sex or race.
Sixth, Regulation of all public affairs by free contracts between the autonomous (independent) communes and associations, resting on a federalistic basis.
Whoever agrees with this ideal let him grasp our outstretched brother hands!
Proletarians of all countries, unite!
Fellow-workmen, all we need for the achievement of this great end is ORGANIZATION and UNITY.
There exists now no great obstacle to that unity. The work of peaceful education and revolutionary conspiracy well can and ought to run in parallel lines.
The day has come for solidarity. Join our ranks! Let the drum beat defiantly the roll of battle, “Workmen of all lands, unite! You have nothing to loose but your chains; you have a world to win!”
Tremble, oppressors of the world! Not far beyond your purblind sight there dawns the scarlet and sable lights of the Judgment Day.
“To the Workingmen of America” (MANIFESTO OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKING PEOPLES’ ASSOCIATION), 1883.
I have tried to use administrative procedure against these criminals, but they don’t get the message, so this is the message. If they want to perjure their oaths of office and engage in TREASON and SEDITION, and BREACH OF TRUST, and other crimes to numerous to list, against Me, that they BETTER be prepared to go ALL THE WAY, and MURDER Me as well, because by the time I am done with them, (I will do it all within the law), they will wish they had MURDERED Me. It is My patriotic duty to come after them to My last dying breath, and I will file commercial liens against them, I will liquidate their bonds, I will file criminal complaints against them and their bosses, I will seize their assets, and I will not rest until I see them do that little dance they do at the end of a common law rope, and even then, in the next life, I will be DEMANDING Justice before the judgment BAR of God, to make sure they get to spend the rest of eternity receiving their just reward. Also, after I am dead and gone on to the next life, because this is on the record, these criminals will be hunted down, just like the NAZI war criminals that are still hunted down this day. Furthermore, these criminals are hereby put on NOTICE that with criminals like them in this world, I have a DEATH wish, because this world is NOT big enough for both of us, so go ahead and make MY day, the sooner I am out of here the better, and I shall exercise My God given RIGHT to resist their unlawful arrest with lethal fource, if necessary, and then they will have an excuse to MURDER Me, so go ahead criminals, MAKE MY DAY!
Glenn Winningham (usually self-styled as “Glenn Winningham: House of Fearn”): Winningham v. Canada (30 November 2010) Lethbridge 1006 00907 (Alta. Q.B.), leave to appeal denied (Alta. C.A.), as cited by Associate Chief Judge J.D. Rooke in Meads v. Meads, 2012 ABQB 571, pp. 41-42.
Article 5
“Something called ‘X'”
From, Wikipedia
On pages 95 and 96 of The Road We Are Traveling, under the heading of “Free Enterprise into ‘X'”,[16] [Stuart] Chase [(March 8, 1888 – November 16, 1985)…American economist,[1] social theorist, and writer.[2]] listed 18 characteristics of political economy that he had observed among[17] Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Spain between 1913[18] and 1942. Chase labeled this phenomenon “… something called ‘X'”.[16] Characteristics include the following:
- A strong, centralized government.
- An executive arm growing at the expense of the legislative and judicial arms.
- The control of banking, credit and security exchanges by the government.
- The underwriting of employment by the government, either through armaments or public works.
- The underwriting of social security by the government – old-age pensions, mothers’ pensions, unemployment insurance, and the like.
- The underwriting of food, housing, and medical care, by the government.
- The use of deficit spending to finance these underwritings.
- The abandonment of gold in favor of managed currencies.
- The control of foreign trade by the government.
- The control of natural resources.
- The control of energy sources.
- The control of transportation.
- The control of agricultural production.
- The control of labor organizations.
- The enlistment of young men and women in youth corps devoted to health, discipline, community service and ideologies consistent with those of the authorities.
- Heavy taxation, with special emphasis on the estates and incomes of the rich.
- Control of industry without ownership.
- State control of communications and propaganda.
Article 6
Culture & Style
Please enjoy this musical selection from Alice Coltrane Turiyasangitananda:
© MMXXIII BY NOVUS SYLLABUS L.L.C.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.
‘Ecrasez l’infâme’
The Nature and Role of the Press and the Spreading of Public Ideas during the Initial Decline of the Old Regime in 1789, Together with Some Parallels Drawn into the Modern Period.
By Antarah Crawley | GWU ENGL 3481W | Spring 2012
Contents — I. Introduction: Drawing Parallels—Bringing the “Voltaire-figure” into the Modern Period — II. Classical Interpretations of the French Revolution and its Reactions: An Inevitable Consequence of Social Discrepancies? — III. The Significance of the Press: An Unprecedented Surge of Dialogue Between All Class Levels — IV. Repression Reenacted: Instances of repressed scholarship on the French Revolution under new Oppressive French Regimes and Abroad; What is the significance?
I. Drawing Parallels—Bringing the “Voltaire-figure” into the Modern Period
This is a time in which trends in world leadership are moving into an ominously monopoly-minded direction. Industrial and financial consolidation to the end of optimizing profit for those at the top of the corporate food chain, together with reckless investing and trading in the financial sector, is a reality that had led to near disaster—the 2008 recession. Such reckless habits of the American aristocratic class—that class that controls the means of production (footnote: what would be land in 1780s France)—has indeed sparked revolt from the lower classes, ineffective insofar as it has been. But the culture of dissent is present, just as it was in 1788 as the bourgeoisie began to find fault with King Louis XIV’s handling of the economy. We have in our society the broodings for a coup de tat of the industrial and financial superpowers that sway Americans’ lives. If the government cannot adhere to the wishes of the classes that serve as it’s support base—the small businessmen and entrepreneurs, or the modern bourgeoisie, as well as the large working class population—and break its ties with such entities, then as we can see from history, and overthrow of the symbolic corporate-monarchy is eminent.
Below this paper examines how the French Revolution unfolded and what factors contributed to its initial success, at the same time as it draws parallels between the events of 1789 and the current trends in the United States of America. With social media being a particularly effective and influential method of disseminating ideas in our modern society, it compels me to delve into the question of how the media of the 18th Century—the printed press and periodicals—affected popular opinion and reactions to the monarchy. Such answers may help us find similar trends in our own society of acute discrepancy between those that have power, both political and economic, and those who do not have it. And furthermore, 1789 is a perfect bookmark with which to compliment the modern period that I speak of here, 2012, because historians widely assert that the French Revolution ushered in the modern era with the creation of a “truly universal civilization…proclaiming the fundamental and inviolable rights of all people.”
It is the case, however, that the modern concept of politics, on which this country was based, is being eroded by government partiality towards big-business—we seem to be relapsing into a monarchal society. In this time of quasi-revolt, as Occupiers remove themselves from the system of economic and political abuse by the Haves, we should find value in looking to the ways in which 18th Century revolutionary figures confronted the monarchy and the aristocracy. What was the role of popular periodicals during the late 1780s, and can their impact be translated into modern trends like Facebook? What was the role of the Enlightenment—the elite, learned class—in influencing the popular revolt, if there were any influence there at all? How must a revolutionary, indifferent of his political opposition and bent only on self-improvement and social awareness—a “Voltaire-figure”—go about using the written word to combat an oppressive regime? What, if anything, can the history of the French Revolution teach us?
II. Classical Interpretations of the French Revolution and its Reactions: An Inevitable Consequence of Social Discrepancies?
The overarching significance of the French Revolution among historians had long been focused on its social consequences. In his introduction to the volumized collection of papers compiled for the annual conference on Studies on Voltaire and The Eighteenth Century (SVEC), Harvey Chisick patronizes the Classical, or Social, Interpretation of the French Revolution by saying, “[The Revolution’s] significance consists principally in the socio-economic disjuncture represented by the middle class or bourgeoisie overcoming the aristocracy and attaining the political power to which it’s economic strength entitled it. This process took hundreds of years and was accomplished only when the bourgeoisie was strong enough to make good its demands by force.” Such an interpretation of the Revolution had been championed by authoritative historians on the subject such as Georges Lefebvre. In his 1939 now-classic The Coming of the French Revolution, he maintains a rigid and illogical model of French society as the basis for the dissent of the bourgeoisie and the result of 1789:
At the end of the eighteenth century the social structure of France was aristocratic. It showed traces of having originated at a time when land was almost the only form of wealth, and when possessors of land were the masters of those who needed it to work and live. …The king had been able gradually to deprive the lords of their political power and subject nobles and clergy to his authority. But he left them the first place in the social hierarchy. Still restless at being merely his ‘subjects,’ they remained privileged persons.
Presently, however, a new class was emerging in prominence in France, whose wealth, in contrast, was based on mobile commerce. Called the bourgeoisie (or the Third Estate, inferior to the clergy and aristocracy in the three orders of old French law, but not too far removed from them), it proved useful to the monarchy by supplying it with money and competent officials, and through the increasing importance of commerce, industry and finance and the eighteenth century it became more important in the national economy. By the late 18th Century the bourgeoisie was beginning to usurp the aristocracy and clergy in terms of real economic power even though the latter retained its supreme legal and social status. Feeling as though it deserved more political power based on its economic contribution to the state, the bourgeoisie became discontent with the state. The Revolution of 1789 thus balanced the power of bourgeoisie with its real economic influence and eroded the prominence of the aristocracy. Thus, as Lefebvre states, “In France the Third Estate liberated itself.” But it’s not that simple, the author interrupts. Although Lefebvre separates the four stages of the revolution, characterized by the social classes involved, the respective measures of executing the Revolution were intertwined and made way for each other, all culminating in a victory for the bourgeoisie in which the regime of economic individualism and commercial freedom prevailed over the working class:
The privileged groups [the clergy and aristocracy] did have the necessary means [for forcing the king’s hand in appealing to the economic condition of the nation]… The first act of the Revolution, in 1788, consisted in a triumph of the aristocracy, which, taking advantage of the government crisis, hoped to reassert itself and win back the political authority of which the Capetian dynasty had despoiled it. But, after having paralyzed the royal power which upheld its own social preeminence, the aristocracy opened the way to the bourgeois revolution, then to the popular revolution in the cities and finally to the revolution of the peasants—and found itself buried under the ruins of the Old Regime.
Chisick comments that the Classical Interpretation situates the French Revolution in France’s historical time as an “inevitable consequence of a long social and economic revolution,…following from scientific laws.” This would make the neither the press nor ideology a subject of interest. But it seems that bourgeois dissatisfaction would not have miraculously resulted in an organized revolt upon the state, an act of terrorism, as it were. Disseminated ideology must have had a place in rallying the organization of the greater Third Estate. And since Chisick is editing a collection entitled “The Press in the French Revolution,” his acknowledgment of the Classical Interpretation must ultimately be to set up a retort to it. While this Marxist-esque Classical interpretation went unchallenged throughout much of the history of the Revolution’s study, through Jaures and Mathiez to Lefebvre and Soboul, general acceptance of this formulation began to wane after the 1960s.
What then arose was a Revisionist Criticism of the Classical Interpretation of the French Revolution. The first body of criticism stemmed from Alfred Cobban and George Taylor’s conclusion that capitalism in France was not present enough or influential enough on the Bourgeoisie to be a motive for revolution. Furthermore, Taylor asserts that the nobility shared in equal part with the Bourgeoisie the most innovative and large-scale forms of economic activity. So, in contrast with the Classical Interpretation that the Third Estate rallied to establish themselves as the social superior to the aristocracy, the Revolution was “essentially a political revolution with social consequences and not a social revolution with political consequences.”
“Conceptualizing the Revolution in political and cultural terms,” says Chisick, “also has broader implications.” Revisionist historians, in contrast to Classical historians who focus on the social discrepancies in the French upper classes, emphasize government incompetence and botched reforms which led to a virtual power vacuum and the emergence of public opinion as a powerful new political force.
Let us take a step back here and examine this interpretation within the context of our society: The American public had expressed dissentient views on the government as being incompetence under President Bush with the trouble resulting from the finance bubble / housing bubble that burst in 2008. Although we were hopeful of President Obama, many sectors of the right and well as some of his critical constituents have expressed their feelings of his incompetence when it came to listening to the American public and ending a several hundred-billion dollars war in the Middle East (and furthermore, of their general dissatisfaction with the Congress who seems to favor large corporations over the working/entrepreneurial class and the Supreme Court who allows immigration regulations and women’s reproductive rights to suffer). This brooding dissent has led to the organization of different protest rallies like Occupy and other virtual dissenting communities through new social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter. The greater public, who call themselves the 99% in certain circles, are in a way equivalent to the Borgeoisie and the Popular/Peasant population of 1780’s France. Although they may not own the means of production (what would be the land in 18th C France) they feel that their political voice deserves more attention from the Congress and lawmakers, who currently only appear to be favoring the voices of large corporations like Monsanto, as opposed to the family farmer. Essentially, a corporation like Monsanto, who’s C-level administrators embody the 1%, is a stale form of political influence and legal exemption. Chevron has been dumping toxic oil-waste into the Ecuadorean Amazon and surrounding forests since the 1980s, yet the government had yet to take a serious action against the company until 2011 when a Federal Appeals Court allowed damages against Chevron for the Ecuador oil spill. In our present secular society, multi-million and -billion dollar corporations represent the clergy who benefited from “none of the ordinary direct taxes but instead…on its own authority a ‘free donation’ to the king”; the aristocrats are represented by those C-level administrators and shareholders who control these large companies which hold the market and lives of working and entrepreneurial Americans in their palm. The political power of the 1% in the minds of Occupiers and greater dissenters is disproportionate to their contribution to the greater good of American people. The question that arises at this point in our history is whether these present trends will develop into “long and silent social developments” that will erupt into another Western political revolution—and whether or not it will be successful!
Chisick summarizes the difference between the Classical and Revisionist interpretations with this:
The revisionist emphasis on politics and culture…tends to ascribe to the ‘people’ or working population a more marginal place in the Revolution. If politics, for example, are defined in terms of parliamentary assemblies, then the people will play only a small role in them. If culture is defined in terms of literacy, then a large population of the lower class will be eliminated from consideration altogether, and the rest will assume a passive role as an audience or public to which writes and publicists appeal.
What Chisick and The Press in the French Revolution focus on is not so much the marginalized place of the people in politics, but the new role, after 1789, of the people as a body through which writers, elite or otherwise, appeal radical ideas through printed media. Such a significant role in the common population could have only been accessed though the Revisionist Critique—thus arises the importance of the Press.
III. The Significance of the Press: An Unprecedented Surge of Dialogue Between All Class Levels
With public opinion being a new principle authority and a central component of politics in new Revisionist Interpretation, the role of the press and its shaping and influence of opinion takes on new importance during the coming of the Revolution. Yet even before 1789, the press was a tool that the monarchy knew it had to control, lest it lead to unwanted ideas spreading around the kingdom.
Daniel Roche in Revolution in Print explains the great extent to which the monarchy sought to control print media:
There was no freedom of the press under the Old Regime because from the earliest days of its power the Crown established surveillance of printers and booksellers and a mechanism for controlling the dissemination of ideas…. The royal power intervened at both ends of the chain that links creative writers to their public: readers and other authors. Before publication became a skillful exercise in censorship, applied through a policy of selective privilege that involved the prepublication inspection of manuscripts for content and the rewarding of publishers who, in return for their cooperation with the established order, enjoyed the advantages of a monopoly. After publication, control was further applied by police.
Such extreme and thorough action taken by the absolutist state indicated its keen awareness of the importance of the printed word. They saw it as the principle vehicle of radical knowledge and thought that it indeed would turn out to be in 1789.
Of course, no system of repression is one-hundred percent effective. The royal government was never able to wholly prevent the circulation of forbidden books, anti-monarchist pamphlets, and the writings, songs and satires that made up an entire body of printed criticism. This body, interestingly, was deemed by the monarchy to a dangerous dissemination of “philosophical” works, “philosophy” being all works deemed “dangerous” or “bad” (which may enlighten us to the monarchy’s unstable relationship with the Enlightenment figures, especially Voltaire). The Old Regime enacted every feasible method of control over print media that it could, including the practical monopolization of the system in 1699 when abbé Bignon became Director of The Book Trade. The role of the Office of the Book Trade was to examine all works destined for legal publication and to maintain that all such books be registered with the state. Under the direction of C.-M. Lamoignon de Malesherbes from 1750 to 1763, censorship defined the forbidden zones of literature as God, king, and morality. One can only imagine where that puts Enlightenment figures like Voltaire in the eyes of the government when such a “philosophical” a tale as Candide was published in 1759. Given, Voltaire did not admit his authorship until 1768 when he was not even within reach of the Office of the Book Trade and the monarchy. But notwithstanding that fact, neither the 1759 ban on the book by Paris officials or its ambiguous authorship deterred it from becoming one of the fastest selling books in history, selling twenty thousand to thirty thousand copies by the end of the year in over twenty editions. So it can be said that there are notable examples of books that slipped through the cracks of the censors, but all in all, between 1660 and 1680, the beginnings of an increasingly close supervision of printed matter and the employment of “hard-nosed” Firemen arose and persisted until 1789.
After 1789, the most immediate and dramatic change in the way public opinion came to be formed and expressed was in complete freedom of the press. With the elimination of the machinery of State regulation of publishing and the sudden collapse of censorship in the Spring and Summer of 1789, Chisick writes, “writers and publishers found themselves free of the constraints that the monarchy had imposed upon print media almost from their inception. Books, pamphlets and periodicals could now be published without obligatory prior examination by a censor and without the publisher having to apply for a privilege or to ascertain that he was not infringing upon someone else’s legally established monopoly.” What resulted of this was an emergence of new career opportunities in writing, publishing and journalism, wherein more personal and more partisan expression could appeal directly to the public. Chisick writes that, “The periodical press that now emerged was far more political in content and far more engaged than was its counterpart of the old regime,” which was primarily devoted to the arts, sciences, and literature. In addition to the content of print media, its format also changed; journals treating art, plays, et cetera needn’t appear more regularly than every one or two weeks, however the new political papers that began to appear in 1788 had a popular readership to satisfy who were avid for the latest political news, and these papers came to be regularized in dailies in 1790 and 1791.
Continuing with the trouble-making habits that they used even before 1789, the Enlightenment figures also played an important role in post-censored France. What resulted of the absence of authoritarian filtering was a surge of political and social dialogue through print. The function of censorship had been to “impose an officially sanctioned consensus on public discussion, or, formulated negatively, to prevent the expression of opinions that deviated too widely from what the authorities defined as the accepted norm.” After the fall of the state—which was the filter of public discussion—political dialogue flourished, primarily through the work of Enlightenment figures. Chisick writes:
The literature of the Enlightenment was overwhelmingly a literature of dialogue. Its world of discourse, its political theory, social criticism, literature and popularization, was open and aimed at persuasion. Characteristically, even Voltaire’s cry of ‘Ecrasez l’infâme’ [‘Crush the infamous thing’] was moderated in practice, and the philosophe sought less the destruction of his ecclesiastical foes that that they moderate and modernize their beliefs and actions.
Often, the aim and influence of Enlightenment literature was painted in a less-than-humane light. Such writing was aimed at what the Enlightenment figures believed to be the realm of possible social and political reform—and such parameters often limited them to the learned classes. With respect to the audiences for which periodicals like the Ami du roi and the Journal de la Montagne were intended it cannot be denied that, both being descended from the Enlightenment, they were addressed to a cultural elite. But to be fair, the elite bourgeoisie was the class which was most concerned the goings-on of the years that immediately followed 1789, thus the Enlightenment writers would have felt it imperative to appeal to them first and foremost. In any case, no matter the Enlightenment’s targeted appeal group, a larger-scope popular press emerged after 1789 that sought to make a direct and regular political appeal to the people. For example, the more radical Ami du peuple and Pére Duchesne sought to speak directly to the working population. Jeremy Popkin even acknowledges the purpose of an anonymous Belgian journalist in launching the Esprit des gazettes in 1786 as being a reaction to the segmentation of the press market and a reaction to the “elite press.” Such “elite” papers were considered the “concerned papers, the knowledgeable papers, the serious papers…the papers which serious people and opinion leaders in all countries take seriously,” similar to The New York Times today. However, with the surge of uncensored popular publications in 1789, it proved exceptionally difficult for a stable elite press to survive. It nevertheless persisted that an exception to the rule existed, and the Dutch-based Gazette de Leyde, a French-language newspaper and one widely considered to be the most important serious news journal at the time reached the height of its fame at the outbreak of the French Revolution. It may have been the case that its being published outside of the control of the monarchy and its taking serious political issues of the day allowed it to transition well into the popular culture of revolutionary France, in which “sophisticated readers” liked to think of themselves as “students of events, rather than as mere consumers of information.”
So in general, there was a mixture of “elitist” and popular publication circulating through France after the Revolution began, and all of them were open-minded and political in nature with having to be constrained by a monarchy. Chisick defends the elitist publications stemming from the Enlightenment; even though they were not targeted at the public in terms of language, he says, “The Enlightenment may have been élitist, but it was humane, progressive, pragmatic and…committed to an open mode of discourse that worked on the principles of a free exchange of ideas, rational persuasion, and consensus.” In essence, the Enlightenment encompassed the spirit of the free press.
Here, I would like to take one more step back. By the transitive power, the dialectic, free-spirited passion of the Enlightenment also encompasses the essence of the Internet, or what John Man would say is the fourth turning-point in human contact in the last 5,000 years, after the explosion of the printing press in Europe. Using this model of long-term political revolutions paired with innovative information movements, can we say that the modern political trends referred to above, paired with the widespread use of Facebook, Twitter and blogs for personal and political expression will evolve into some greater social revolution? Widespread use of social media could favor either the greater population or the Silicon Valley companies that control the means of disseminating the information. Either way, a change will erupt in the way all people conduce commerce, relationships, and protest. In fact, it may have already happened, with Amazon.com in control of commerce, Facebook.com in control of interpersonal relationships, social awareness and business promotion, Google.com in control of information dissemination, and the Apple Corporation in control of the method of accessing it all: the smart phone. What social media looks like on the outside is the power of dialogue and commentary in the hands of every individual person, but what we may actually have is a monarchy of the big four companies upon our entire civilization.
Be it internet-based social media or the physical spread of pamphlets in 1780s France, the spread of ideas sparks dialogue and makes people question the powers that govern them. The Old Regime recognized that and that’s why they so painstakingly censored the media. But the Enlightenment figures also recognized that and used it to the advantage of the people. Yes, they targeted their publications toward the elite, but could you blame them for trying to appeal to a more learned audience. Perhaps the “elitism” of Enlightenment periodicals actually helped to lend some authority to their positions. Surely no one takes every Facebook campaign seriously—that’s because so many people of such little intelligence use it. It may be the case that the modern person needs to filter what they read and believe through an Enlightened lens before they comment on current issues.
IV. Repression Reenacted: Instances of repressed scholarship on the French Revolution under new Oppressive French Regimes and Abroad; What is the significance?
What becomes clear after moderate research into the French Revolution is that even after 1799, books about the Revolution have been repressed by government who find the very notion of political dissent dangerous. Even authoritative writers on the topic who we revere today were repressed upon their initial publication. R. R. Palmer, the translator of Lefebvre’s The Coming of the French Revolution comments on the books history from its first publication in 1939: “The French Republic collapsed before the assault of Hitlerite Germany, and was succeeded by the Vichy regime that governed France until the liberation in 1945. No sympathetic understanding of the French Revolution was desired by the authorities of Vichy France… The Vichy government therefore suppressed [The Coming of the French Revolution] and ordered some 8,000 copied burned, so that it virtually remained unknown to its own country until reprinted there in 1970, after the author’s death.”
Gaetano Salvemini’s highly revered book also underwent similar treatment. “[The French Revolution] has come to be regarded as a classic in its field,” says I. M. Rawson in his Translator’s Note. “It may seem strange that a work so well known on the continent [of Europe] should not have been made available to English readers long ago. The explanation lies in part in the fact that the author, an exile for over twenty years from his own country [of Italy] and actively engaged in the struggle against Fascism, as well as in writing a number of works on modern politics, had no time to give his study of the great Revolution a further revision in the light of recent historical research, and was unwilling to allow it to appear in English before this had been done.”
What we see here are Voltaire-figures who, even after the iron claw of the Old Regime had long fallen, still combated oppression and political injustice with that same passion. Like Voltaire, who was imprisoned in the Bastille twice and was constantly in fear of being jailed when he dared set foot in Paris, Salvemini contested the Fascist regime and honorably suffered more it. That is the kind of spirit I hope may come of this brooding internal political struggle in America. Perhaps the melting pot isn’t hot enough yet.
© 2012 by Antarah Crawley
D.R. 01-13: Israel-Hamas (II)
Volume 1, Issue 13
The Sense of the Congress:
A Special Report
Congress toes pro-Israel line, seeks resignation of UN Special Rapporteur on the Palestinian territories
By Antarah Crawley | Last modified 11/8/2023 9:28PM
WASHINGTON, DC — Today, November 8, 2023, the Subcommittee on Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States (U.S.) House of Representatives (House) convened a hearing on “United Nations’ Bigotry Towards Israel: UNRWA Anti-semitism Poisons Palestinian Youth” in Rayburn House Office Building Room 2200.
Subcommittee Chairman Smith (R-NJ) presided. Antarah Crawley, Special Rapporteur on Historical and Materialist Dialectics for the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO), reported to the proceedings on orders from the House Clerk’s Office of Official Reporters.
The witnesses for this hearing included Hillel Neuer, Executive Director, UN Watch; Dr. Jonathan Schanzer, Senior Vice President for Research, Foundation for the Defense of Democracies; Jonathan Lincoln, Interim Director, Center for Jewish Civilization. Of these gentlemen, Mr. Lincoln had the most firsthand experience with the United Nations (UN) in the Palestinian territory, presented the most balanced testimony, and was asked the majority of the questions by the subcommittee, the other gentlemen advancing the painfully biased position that the “state” of Israel is not and has never been at fault since its “inception” on 14 May 1948. Mr. Neuer repeatedly remarked that comes from Geneva, the headquarters of the UN Human Rights Council.
The hearing was convened largely in response to statements made by Francesca Albanese United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the Palestinian Territories Occupied since 1967. The Chairman submitted a Washington Free Beacon article by Charles Hilu to that effect into the Congressional record. Ms. Albanese, who serves as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’s Special Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories, argued that “self-defense” has a narrow meaning under Article 51 of the U.N. charter. That definition, she said, does not give the Jewish state the right to self-defense against Hamas because the threat stems from an armed group within “occupied territory” and not “another state.” Thus, under international law, Israel’s actions in Gaza cannot qualify as self-defense, Albanese said.
Under Article 51, use of force in #SelfDefense is permissible solely to repel an armed attack by another State […] Threats from armed groups from within occ. territory give state the RIGHT TO PROTECT ITSELF, but not to wage war against the state from which the armed group emanates.
UN Special Rapporteur Francesca Albanese
“The attacks are clearly indiscriminate, disproportionate and violate the principle of precaution,” she said in an interview with the Guardian published Tuesday. “One cannot bomb hospitals hosting hundreds of patients and sheltering thousands of refugees. Sorry, we need to look for another solution, and not to bomb hospitals. Absolutely not. This is criminal.”
Mr. Hilu went on to report that Ms. Albanese condemned Israel’s “militarized settler colonial occupation” and violence against “defenseless Palestinians.” The UN also reports on the remarks of the Special Rapporteur:
[D]escribing the UN [Secretary General Antonio Guterres]’s words to the Security Council last Tuesday when he noted that the brutal attacks by Hamas fighters of 7 October “did not occur in a vacuum” as “brave”, [Albanese] stressed Gazans have “already suffered five deadly wars…during the period Israel has declared an unlawful blockade over the Gaza Strip, entrapping 2.2 million people.
The UN chief’s remarks that Palestinans have been “subjected to 56 years of suffocating occupation” drew criticism from members of the Israeli government late last month. Hamas is an acronym of Islamic Resistance Movement (حركة المقاومة الإسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah).
During the hearing, Mr. Bera (D-CA) remarked that “Israel has a right to prosecute a war against Hamas. They were attacked and they have a right to defend themselves, they have a right to make sure this never happens again, they have a right to dismember, dismantle, and to the best extent eliminate Hamas, but […] when you see tragic loss of innocent civilian life, you also feel that pain.”
The Chairman remarked that according to Israeli politician Natan Sharansky, “criticism of Israel is nothing less than Anti-Semitic when it passes over into demonization of Jews and Israel, delegitimizing the Jewish state, or applying a double standard, that is, one standard for Israel and one standard for every other country on the globe.”
The Chairman continued by discussing UN entities most involved in promoting Anti-Semitism, specifically the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) which “was set up in 1949 to provide aid to refugees.”
74 years later it is still going, which is absurd in itself since nearly every Arab nation will not permit the former [Palestinians] to integrate into their societies. Why don’t they welcome the Palestinians? They simply won’t.
Chairman Smith (R-NJ)
Evidently, the Chairman and the pro-Israel caucus expect for the 1948-49 crisis that resulted in the citizens of Mandatory Palestine (and their patrilineal descendants) being expelled from their country, and the subsequent declaration of that country as the birthright of a colonizing state, to be resolved through the voluntary emigration of the Palestinian people into some other Arab nation (much like their father Abram). Talk about a double standard! Later, Mr. Schanzer even went to far as to testify,
[UNRWA] was originally created to assist Palestinians displaced by the 1948 war that the Arab states waged against Israel and subsequently lost. From early on, however, it was clear that UNRWA viewed the Palestinians as clients. They refused to permanently resettle them, and then they became the rationale for additional funding year after year. Over time, UNRWA’s clients grew old and passed on, but that was bad for business, so UNRWA expanded the definition of Palestinian refugees to include the descendants of refugees. So as a result, UNRWA’s registry has ballooned from 700,000 in 1948 to 5.9 million today; mathematically impossible. Despite the fact that only few of the original refugees are alive today, UNRWA’s roster continues to grow, and all of them claim the so-called right of return to lands inside Israel. In other words, UNRWA has extended the Palestinian-Israeli conflict deliberately and indefinitely.
Dr. Jonathan Schanzer (emphasis mine)
It sounds like Dr. Schanzer is a eugenicist who cannot fathom why the Palestinians don’t just up and die already so that the Israeli colony can expand unchallenged; and is further concerned that they appear to procreate at rates that seem impossible to the white race. Dr. Schanzer also emphasized the attack on Al-Ahli hospital, noting what he called “an errant rocket by the Islamic Jihad that created the explosion there,” and remarked that the next likely targets will be the Al-Shifa Hospital, which apparently sits on top of Hamas’s multi-story command center, and the underground tunnels which Hamas allegedly uses to divert aid from the south to the north. To the ears of the instant Rapporteur, both of these targets sound like ripe opportunities for mass collateral civilian casualties, which is to say, a rationalized genocide.
The ardently pro-Israel witnesses and the Subcommittee expressed significant concerns regarding the indoctrination of “Anti-Semitism” among Palestinian youth by UNRWA. The Chairman remarked, “UNRWA provides education in hatred of Jews for the vastly expanded number of children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren of the original refugees.” The Congress has previously voiced this concern. The Chairman claimed the UNRWA teachers and administrators “encourage children to martyrdom as suicide bombers” and cited an article reporting that “UNRWA staff celebrated Hamas’s massacre.” Mr. Neuer testified that UNWRA School administrator Hamada Ahmed posted “Welcome to the Great October” in response to the 7 October attack, that UNRWA officials posted “Allah is great […] Reality surpasses our wildest dreams” on Facebook, and that officials justified the massacre as “restoring rights and addressing grievances.”
The Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education reports that “14 UNRWA staffers […] publicly celebrated the actions of October 7. One UNRWA teacher in Gaza, Sara Alderawy, posted a video clip on the same day of the massacre, showing Hamas terrorists roaming Israeli streets with rifles while shooting at Israeli cars, and of rocket attacks in Israel. The video is accompanied by a Qur’anic verse stating: we will surely come to them with soldiers that they will be powerless to encounter, and we will surely expel them in humiliation, and they will be debased.”
Ms. Wild (D-PA) sought clarity from Mr. Lincoln on the question of why there are still refugee camps in the Palestinian territory. “The idea that refugees of 1949 are continuing to be served by UNRWA, I think, is preposterous, so what we’re talking about is successive generations of people who are born into refugee status.” She continued by confirming that “70% of the population of Gaza is provided services by UNRWA.” Mr. Lincoln replied that “1.5 million beneficiaries from Gaza” are being served. The existence of these registered refugees in “camps” that look like “neighborhoods and towns” is a part of the “final political process of creating peace in the Middle East which, who knows whether that will ever come…” The words of the Member of Congress sound strikingly close to a Final Solution for “peace” in Israel.
Ms. Manning (D-NC) remarked upon a Hamas leader’s statement that “it was the responsibility of Hamas to fight against Israel and to protect its fighters with their underground tunnels. […] And […] that they do not have a responsibility to allow the Palestinian people to get shelter from attacks in those tunnels; that the responsibility of the Palestinian people was solely held by the United Nations.” The Member asked Mr. Lincoln to expound upon how the perspective the Hamas leader is wrong; that it is the responsibility of the elected government (presumably Hamas since the 2006 legislative election) to take care of the Palestinian people who live in Gaza. Mr. Lincoln replied that that is correct, but also that in a context like Gaza, “the work of UN agencies is often conflated with the work of governments.”
Mr. Schneider (D-IL) delivered these remarks:
In synagogues around the world this week, two things are going to be universal. On the one hand there are going to be armed guards outside every one of those synagogues for fear of Anti-Semitism and violence. […] But inside those synagogues […] they’re going to be reading from the Torah, and the Torah portion that they’ll be reading from is called Chayei Sarah … [which] means “The Life of Sarah,” but it starts with the death of Sarah. […U]pon Sarah, the wife of Abraham dying, Abraham buys […] a place to bury his wife […in the Meʿarat ha-Makhpelah in Hebron]. There was a deed; my point I want to make is that the Jews have connection to this land. Hebron […] is a city in the West Bank. Jews lived in that city from the time of Abraham until 1929 […when] Arabs massacred the Jews of Hebron; those that weren’t killed left. […] Jews have lived in the land of Israel for 3,000 years, and I think that’s an important thing to note. These are not colonialists who came from Europe. In fact, today, many of the Jews […] can trace their roots, not to Europe, but to countries like Libya and Iraq, Yemen, other places, but they have a connection that goes back 3,000 years.”
Mr. Schneider (D-IL)
Mr. Schneider concluded by remarking upon the Abraham Accords, which “recognize that both Jews and Arabs belong to the same land […and] that by embracing each other, by recognizing the humanity and the connection that both have to the same place, both can elevate the place and their peoples.”
At the conclusion of the hearing, in reference to the Washington Free Beacon article on Francesca Albanese, the Chairman asked each witness whether the Special Rapporteur on the Palestinian territories ought to be fired for her remarks, and they all replied in the affirmative. Ms. Albanese is known to have said in 2014 that she believes that the United States is “subjugated by the Jewish lobby.”
After the hearing adjourned, the instant Rapporteur asked Mr. Lincoln whether the aftermath of World War III would see the UN establishment of a Palestinian reparations state in the legitimized state of Israel. Mr. Lincoln replied that my question is a misinterpretation of history, since the UN suggestion for a two-state state solution in Israel and Palestine (Resolution 181) was accepted by Israel and rejected by Palestine, therefore rendering it null and void. What subsequently occurred was the new Israeli population (which had been protected by the British until this time) declared a state of Israel which was only then recognized by the Soviet Union, the United States, and other UN member states. Ergo, the Palestinian people and its allies have never recognized the legitimacy of the state of Israel.
Wikipedia relates the Arab reaction to the adoption of Resolution 181 (II) by the UN General Assembly on 29 November 1947:
Arab leaders and governments rejected the plan of partition in the resolution and indicated that they would reject any other plan of partition. The Arab states’ delegations declared immediately after the vote for partition that they would not be bound by the decision, and walked out accompanied by the Indian and Pakistani delegates. They argued that it violated the principles of national self-determination in the UN charter which granted people the right to decide their own destiny. The Arab delegations to the UN issued a joint statement the day after that vote that stated: “the vote in regard to the Partition of Palestine has been given under great pressure and duress, and that this makes it doubly invalid.” On 16 February 1948, the UN Palestine Commission reported to the Security Council that: “Powerful Arab interests, both inside and outside Palestine, are defying the resolution of the General Assembly and are engaged in a deliberate effort to alter by force the settlement envisaged therein.”
Wikipedia
As to the land currently called Israel and Palestinian territory, Wikipedia relates:
Israel is located in the Southern Levant, a region known historically as Canaan, the Land of Israel, Palestine and the Holy Land. In antiquity, it was home to several Israelite and Jewish kingdoms, including Israel and Judah and Hasmonean Judea. Over the ages, the region was ruled by imperial powers such as the Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans. During Roman rule, Jews became a minority in Palestine. The region later came under Byzantine and Arab rule. In the medieval period, it was part of the Islamic caliphates, the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Ottoman Empire. The late 19th century saw the rise of Zionism, a movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, during which the Jewish people began purchasing land in Palestine. Under the British Mandate by the League of Nations after World War I, Jewish immigration to the region increased considerably, leading to tensions between Jews and the Arab majority population. The UN-approved 1947 partition plan triggered a civil war between these two peoples. The British terminated the Mandate on 14 May 1948, and Israel declared independence on the same day.
The majority of biblical archeologists translate a set of hieroglyphs from the Merneptah Stele (Egypt, 13th century BCE) as “Israel”, the first instance of the name in the record, Wikipedia says.
Sources
Agassi, Arik (COO). White Paper, 2 pgs. The Institute for Monitoring Peace and Cultural Tolerance in School Education (IMPACT-se). 8 November 2023.
Hilu, Charles. UN Official Says Israel Has No Right to Self-Defense. Washington Free Beacon. 7 November 2023.
TimesOfIndia.com. Hamas’s top 3 leaders are worth staggering $11 billion. The Times of India. 8 November 2023.
Additional References
Abraham Accords from State Department website.
© MMXXIII BY NOVUS SYLLABUS L.L.C.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.
CAM Memorandum No. 1 (“Resolution”)
Preamble
I, Ombudsman Antarah A. Crawley, in Order to form a Labor Union, establish peace and nobility, provide for the collective consciousness, promote the ancient mysteries, and secure equitable representation for ourselves and our polity, do ordain and establish this Constitution of the College of Ancient Mystery School of Thought.
Article 1
Section 1
Our College is a model society founded upon the rights of light, liberty, and the pursuit of self education (mastery), for that is the highest labor of humanity and the pillar of civilization.
Section 2
Our model school system has three branches of service, each of which offers its body-politic of students and clients the lines of service required to enter, pass, and raise them to the grade of Sui Jure Magister (Self Law Master, aka, Higher Self Education). Our system is the dialectic synthesis of the ancient and modern university systems.
Article 2
Section 1
Branch 1: General Educational Assembly
The Djedi Knights’ College of Ancient Mystery (“Knights’ College”) is an open and free college held in regular session wherein all who seek the truth may come and find it. There is neither division of disciplines, nor enrollment, nor grading in the General Educational Assembly, and the lessons will be taught predominantly through the Dialectic Method using the scientific notation and language of Medu Nedjer. The Knights’ College shall function as the general assembly of students of the Djedi arts and sciences (“the Arcanum,” “the Mysteries”).
Students of the General Assembly are to be instructed in Dialectic Thought and True Speech, aka, the Maa’kheru Knighthood of Djedu, that they may appeal themself to the bar of Ombudsman to be entered as a Knight-elect and be found Maa’kheru (True-of-Voice) before Tribunal.
Section 2
Branch 2: Appellate Tribunal
The disciplined pursuit of knowledge may inspire the student to appeal to the higher faculties of the school system for conference of degrees, wherefore the Office of Ombudsman is hereby charged to serve as the appellate tribunal of the Djedi Knights-elect, wherein those students who elect to the degree of Knighthood may be duly tried, and contested matters of fact and truth may be appealed to the judgment of a discerning, just, and equitable consciousness.
This branch of service includes Audit, Assessment, Assurance, and Adjudgment of persons’ knowledge and intelligence. To this end, the prime directive of the Office of Ombudsman is to determine the truth of the speech and thought of a knight-elect of Djedu.
The conference of Knighthood upon being found Maa’kheru (True-of-Voice) by Tribunal is equivalent to the degree of Sui Jure Magister.
Section 3
Branch 3: Higher Faculty
The Faculty Members of Knights’ College are called Seshu Djehudi Xristiyaan Maliki Tzaddiq as-Salaam, whose name means “the Pious and Learned Scribes of Wusiris Christ, the Righteous, King of Peace,” also called “College of Scribes,” or, “King’s College”. All faculty of the Knights’ College must be members of the King’s College, but the Maa’kheru Djedi Knight need not be a member of the King’s College.
Admission to the College of Scribes is equivalent to the degree of Sui Juris Doctorate, and shall require the Scribe-elect to scribe a synthesis of the law and policy of the Mysteries for implementation in the Knights’ Curriculum, which synthesis must be argued, heard, and found Ma’at before the Djadjat em Djedu.
Section 4
The Djadjat (meaning “the Supreme Court”) shall refer to both the 2nd and 3rd branches of educational service, wherein the Ombudsman shall serve as the chair and chief representative between the higher and lower colleges (and may in fact be the sole faculty member of the College).
Section 5
Jurisdiction and Authority
Knights College shall be ruled by the book N.S.C. and the Office of Ombudsman shall be ruled by the book O.M.; while the King’s College is ruled by the Xristiyaan Consciousness.
Article 3
“Thought precedes matter-reality”: An applied methodology for human being.
“Wusiris is our noble and civil society, who was martyred Before the Common Era; who will be resurrected in our Order of Djedu. Djehudi has risen up the Djed of Wusiris, King of the Knights-defenders of the right. In We, the body politic of our Ancient Ancestors shall be reborn.”
Geometry is the pure form of thought, laying plain all numerical constants with irreducible proof and harmonic beauty; whereas the study of matter-reality is pervaded by spacetime dynamics; movement; function; change.
Article 4
Section 1
Knights’ Creed (Catechism of the Greater Mystery of the Raising Up of the Djed on the Day of Judgment and the Lesser Mystery of the Contention of Suthek and Heru, or, the Greater Mystery of Thought and the Lesser Mystery of the Body Politic)
Ink Djedi Wusir*, Kham Ur Neb Djedu, Khenti Amentiu**, em Karast Maa’kheru***, who is raised up by Djehudi, who is reborn in Waset, who contended against Suthek and was dismembered in Maa’fa****; whose body will be remembered in Heru Wedja Medu*****. Dua****** to Waset, this Holy Church, our Mother, and the Maa’kheru Knighthood of Djedu, and the deliverance from Isfet*******, em peret em Heru********, and everlasting life. Amenta.
* I am the Djed of Osiris
** Great Kham, Lord of Djedu, Foremost Chief of the Westerners
*** Anointed with consciousness, true of voice
**** The Great Disorder
***** On the Day of Judgment
****** Glory be; Adorations
******* Ignorance and Disorder
******** resurrection of the consciousness
Section 2
“Tua Ra”
Ham Dua Ra Iah Illaha Ill Aahla.
Ham Dua Iah Shu Weha Ill Aahla, Amenta.
Section 3
“Ptah Netjer”
Ptah Netjer em Pet Ta, May we have true knowledge of our body in Wusir, our blood in Waset, our conscious in Heru, and deliverance from the ignorance of Isfet. Aahla Amenta.
Article 5
On Historical Dialectical Materialist Thought
Said Friedrich Engels (in The Dialectic of Nature), The reciprocal law of motion, gaining force in proportion to the square of the distance in time from its point of departure (or last measurement), is as true for the highest product of organic matter, thought, as it is for substantial materiality (“matter-reality”). This is at once the thesis of historical and dialectical materialism as for the ancient and mystic orders of the indigenies of the east, west, north and south where it was known as “Ma’at”. Wherefore let the ancient mystery school of thought be reestablished as the synthesis of the historical dialectic of materialist thought from predynastic kemet through the post modernity of western civilization. Whereas the post renaissance West was content to reinvent the wheel of the knowledge of materialist dynamics through the increasingly compartmentalized lenses of the disciplines, we need look no further than the unified civil administration of “Smai-tawi” (“the unification of opposing forces”) among the Khemite-Kushite Diaspora in Afuraka, Asiah, and the Amerikas.
In Dialectic of Nature, Engels postulates a general theory of dialectics to be developed as the science of juxtaposition (“interconnections”), like unto Kant’s earlier Allgemeine Naturgesehichte und Theorie des Himmels and Von Bertalanffy’s later Allgemeine Systemtheorie. Said he, “It is from the history of nature and human society that the laws of dialectics are abstracted; for they are nothing but the most general laws of these two aspects of historical development, as well as of thought itself; and indeed they can be reduced to in the main to three:
“1. The law of the transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa;
“2. The law of the unity of opposing forces;
“3. The law of the negation of the negation.”
In conclusion, these three pillars of thought form the foundation of the Order on which is built the Temple of the Body, the Lodge of the Nous and Spiritus.
NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that there is ordained and established this 1st day of May, 2019, by the Ombudsman Antarah A. Crawley of the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Djedu a College of the Ancient Mystery School of Thought. Aahla Amenta.+
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